Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis Introduction Leishmaniasis is a tropical illness that is caused by a parasite. The infection is spread through a vector, which is the sand fly. The female phlebotomine sand fly is responsible for the spread of the disease. The parasite causing this infection is associated with tropical and temperate climates (Davis, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leishmaniasis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This tropical disease is initiated by a protozoan that is found in the sand flies. The protozoan thrives in the gut of the fly and spread when the sand fly bites humans. This condition causes a skin infection that is characterised by the development of sores. The symptoms develop in a matter of weeks or months after the infection (Berman, 1997). Leishmaniasis is said to affect about two million people every year. Cutaneous leishmaniasis accounts for about three quarters of new incidences whereas visceral leishmaniasis ac counts for about a quarter of the new cases. When individuals are settled into the affected areas, this can result into an epidemic (Davis, 2011; Guessous-Idrissi, et al, 1997a). In Morocco, the cutaneous leishmaniasis is quite common. The country has different vegetation regions that represent the differences in the climate of the country. This has affected the distribution of the sand fly species in the country (Guessous-Idrissi, et al, 1997b). As a consequence, leishmaniasis forms are distributed across the country in tandem with the different climates. In morocco, the L. tropica is common in the central parts of the country; L. infantum is found in the northern parts of the country while L. major is prevalent in the south and south eastern parts (WHO, n.d.). Case treatment There are various modes of treating leishmaniasis. Intravenous medication can be used in the treatment of leishmaniasis. In this case, liposomal amphotericin B can be used (WHO, 2012). This is the only medicat ion that has gotten approval from the US government. In other countries, this disease is treated using the pentavalent antimony (SbV) that is used during the intravenous process. In recent times, paromomycin and miltefosine are used in treating this condition. The other treatments administered for this condition are oral ketoconazole, pentostam, and intravenous pentamidine (Davis, 2011). In addition, all cases should be detected, and early treatment started as soon as possible. Collaboration between the various sectors is also essential in the treatment of the condition. Significant research should be carried out on this condition with surveys focussing on the sand flies to identify the infested areas that should be avoided.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vector control This involves various strategies. There is a need to control the vector, as well as their reservoi r. Health awareness is also critical in vector control. Leishmaniasis can be controlled through prevention of the bites from the sand flies. The sand flies can be controlled through the use of insect repellents. The flies can also be controlled through the spray of infested areas to get rid of the flies. In addition, individuals in affected areas are advised to sleep under nets to avoid being bitten and infected by the sand flies. Conclusion Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease that should be controlled. There are various treatment methods that have been suggested. This includes administration of medication to the affected individual-orally and through injections. However, the best way of dealing with this disease is through vector control. This has been identified as the best way of ensuring that this condition does not threaten human existence. Reference List Berman, JD 1997, â€Å"Human Leishmaniasis: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Chemotherapeutic Developments in the Last 10 Yearsâ⠂¬ , Clin Infect Dis., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 684-703. Davis, CP 2011, Leishmaniasis, viewed on https://www.medicinenet.com/leishmaniasis/article.htm Guessous-Idrissi, N, et al. 1997a, â€Å"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging epidemic focus of Leishmania tropica in north Morocco, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol. 91, no. 6, pp. 660-663. Guessous-Idrissi, N, et al. 1997b, Short report: Leishmania tropica: etiologic agent of a case of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco, Am J Trop Med Hyg, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 172-3. WHO 2012, Leishmaniasis: Access to medicines, viewed on https://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/en/Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leishmaniasis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More WHO n.d, Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco, viewed on emro.who.int/neglected-tropical-diseases/countries/cl-morocco.html

Chico, Muchacho, and Other Spanish Words for Children

Chico, Muchacho, and Other Spanish Words for Children Chico, muchacho, nià ±o - and their feminine equivalents, chica, muchacha, and nià ±a - and just a few of the words you can use in Spanish to refer to children. But they arent all used in the same way. In most cases, youre safe to use any of the above words to refer to boys and girls. However, in some cases they can have more specialized uses. Using Chico and Chica As a general adjective, chico is simply a word for small, especially when referring to something that is smaller than other beings or things of its type. When it becomes a noun referring to people, however, it usually refers to someone of a young age rather than someone of short stature. The age of children used for chico and chica varies somewhat with region. However, it is often used as a term of affection for people other than children. For example, in Cuba it frequently is used to address friends, something like hey dude or buddy might be in American slang. It is also very common to use chica when referring to young, single women, especially ones in which men might be interested in for romantic purposes - something like the equivalent of babe. To a lesser extent, chico can fulfill a similar role. Similarly, the two terms commonly are used for girlfriend and boyfriend, respectively. The main characters in a movie, TV show or novel are often referred to as chico or chica, especially if they are young and attractive. Using Muchacho and Muchacha When referring to adolescents or teenagers, muchacho/a can usually be used interchangeably with chico/a. In most areas it isnt used often when referring to younger children. Muchacho/a can also be used to refer to a young servant or maid. Using Nià ±o and Nià ±a Nià ±o and nià ±a are more general and sometimes slightly more formal words for children. Their use might be preferred in situations where wed talk about a child in English rather than a boy or girl. For example, a school handout might say something such as Cada nià ±o debe leer un libro por mes for Each child should read one book per month. (Following the Spanish rule of gender, nià ±os can refer to a mixed group of boys and girls, not necessarily just boys. In sentences such as the above, the context suggests that cada nià ±o refers to each child, not necessarily just each boy.) Nià ±o is also used in situations where the speaker is referring to young age or inexperience in general. For example, a child soldier is a nià ±o soldado, and a street child is a nià ±o/a de la calle. Similarly, someone who is worse than a child is peor que un nià ±o - words such as chico and muchacho wouldnt work well in that context. Other Words Referring to Children Other words for talking about children include: Hijo and hija refer specifically to a son or daughter, respectively. Nià ±o/a can also be used with the same meaning if the context is clear.Criatura, a cognate of creature, is sometimes used an affectionate term. For example,  ¡Quà © criatura hermosa! might be translated loosely as What a beautiful little angel! Note that criatura is always feminine, even if it refers to a boy.Descendiente can be used as a replacement for hijo or hija; it is used much more than the English descendant. The word can be either masculine or feminine depending on whether it refers to a son or daughter. It can also refer to descendants such as great-grandchildren.Bebà © is the most common word for baby. Note that it is always masculine, even when referring to a girl.

Explain the evolutionary mechanisms that can change the composition of Essay

Explain the evolutionary mechanisms that can change the composition of the gene pool - Essay Example In addition, certain evolutionary processes such as natural selection and genetic drift cause a decrease in these genetic variations (Colby; Lerner). Mutation is a phenomenon by which chemical changes occur within the DNA which in turn alters the sequence of the gene resulting in a mutant gene. The extent to which the DNA is altered depends on the type of mutation which could be a point mutation in which on letter of the genetic code is changed, insertion or deletion of a stretch of DNA within a gene or inversion, translocation or duplication of a segment of the DNA. Such mutations can produce truncated proteins, abnormal proteins or a silent mutation that does not introduce any change in the resulting protein. Hence a mutation can have both a deleterious as well as a beneficial effect on the organism (Colby; Lerner). In addition to mutation, gene expression within an organism also depends on the built-in natural variation that occurs within a gene pool. Not all genes within an organ ism are expressed as only those which are activated produce their respective proteins and are hence expressed in the phenotype. Such selective expression of genes is also responsible for the variations observed between each individual (Veith).

Visual Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Visual Communication in Business - Essay Example ed institutions like prisons, which serve a broader purpose in the society and hence aught to be guided by humane and ethical considerations, rather then being subjected to purely monetary targets and objectives. The very fact that the private corporations work for purely profit motives renders them incapable of being allowed to run the prisons or any other institution that is basically expected to adhere to welfare objectives and rehabilitation goals, even at the cost of incurring some losses. A realistic comprehension of this complex idea can be facilitated by the usage of various approaches to visual communication like charts and graphs, maps and cartoons and illustrations. It is imperative to understand that there exist primarily two ethical approaches pertaining to the institution of prisons. There is one school of thought that holds that the prisons should have a deterrent effect on the criminals and antisocial elements and hence the prisons should be stringent in their approach towards prisoners, so far as the availability of basic facilities is concerned. There is one another school of thought that is more contemporary and humane in its approach and holds that the prisons are the places that give the criminals a chance to pay their debt to the society. Such thinkers believe that prisoners should not only be provided with the basic amenities and health facilities in the prisons, but must also be extended the opportunity for rehabilitation and assimilation into the public mainstream in the form of vocational courses and counseling facilities. This approach is not only human, but is also in line with the current shift in the public values throughout the world. Now, if the private corporations are allowed to run the prisons, they will certainly desist from extending such facilities to the prisoners as this will not only increase the overall cost of running the prisons, but will diminish the net profit.The main reason for the enhanced interest of the state and the federal governments in the privatization of the prisons is an overcrowding of the government run prisons. This raises the curiosity of any vigilant citizen as to why the private corporations are interested in running the prisons The answer is simple. In the last two decades, running the prisons in the US has become a big industry that has a massive scope for growth and there is no dearth of corporations that are interested in extracting their share of booty in this lucrative business. Infact the gross revenues of the private prison industry exceeded well over $1 billion in the year the year 1997.

Veiw from a statue Essay Example for Free

Veiw from a statue Essay As I stand here looking over the lush green foliage of thousands of trees, I glanced down toward the base of the mountain to see curvy, windy roads, weaving in and out between tiny little box houses, plotted around here and there. I can see for miles and miles, the views are breath taking. Thats mostly why people come to see me, to look out with me, to see the fantastic views. My arms are sore from standing here for about 75 years, just doing nothing but wondering. For many months I have started to think what is beyond the horizon of the sea. There could be a whole new world over the edge. Is there even an edge? Who knows? Years ago those little things climbed on my feet, just to get a better view or to pose in front of a compact box, with a blinding flash for a couple of seconds, but now there are large metallic fences at my feet. This is predominantly because I am old, weary and wearing out so I need protecting. People get here in many different ways, clear boxes which travel up and down continuously, moving stairs, or climbing 222 steps reaching the summit, exhausted. Oh yeah! I forgot to say about the odd people that walk all the way up the ridge of mount Corcovado who wear small shorts, long pulled up socks, big chunky boots, weird hats and really, really big bags on their backs. They come in there hordes, they come in all shapes and sizes; big ones; small ones; fat ones; thin ones; some are noisy; some are quiet; some just scream and laugh; some are in awe of me and gaze up at me, as I gaze out at the horizon. These people see me as a god, but if only it were true because all I want to do is just fly to the moon, to the white wonderful wide space, where I could rest my sore painful arms and legs. No one knows the pain Im in or even know I have any feelings. I remember the journey of how I came to be here. I was created by a local engineer called Heitor da Silva Costa. He made me out of reinforced concrete and layers of soap stone. Firstly I was going to be made out of steel but that wouldnt of had much of a chance against extreme weather conditions. I was built in small chunks and slowly brought to the top by a struggling train on the Corcovado Rack Railway. Then I was pieced together bit by bit, slowly rising above the ridge to embrace the people of the world. Through my amazingly large nostrils I can smell the wondrous cuisine from the land below swirling and rising up the mountain side. Just after dark the surroundings black out and all attention is drawn towards the bright lights of the city. Although no one else sees it, its not all happiness up here. I have seen many things in my life like robberys, suicides, murders, but what always happens almost every night is groups of people sell drugs and sit there injecting liquids into their arms, snorting dust and sniffing corrosive fumes of acids. The fumes are so strong even I get a headache and my heads made out of concrete! It is disgusting what they do, but it is what they want to do, and what could I do any way. As dawn emerges it makes up for the previous night. The sun rises and a new day begins. In the early morning, the mountain air is fresh and crisp; the sun rises leisurely, bringing a slow warmth to the city. The most beautiful part of the day is now, when it is peaceful and you can hear the chirping of the birds below. The heat from the sun breaks through my layers of soap stone reaching into the hard cold concrete inside.

Ribozymes Essay -- Biology, Catalytic Molecules, RNA

Ribozymes are catalytic molecules that cleave the ribonucleic acid (RNA) at specific sequences (Gesteland et al. 2006). RNA is the nucleic acid that is made in the process of transcription; when the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) anneals, it transcribes itself into a linear stranded molecule called RNA. In order for RNA to synthesise proteins, it requires catalytic enzymes to perform certain chemical reactions. In the past, it was thought that all chemical reactions are catalysed by protein enzymes; however, in the eighties this hypothesis was disproved as Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman discovered that RNA is able to carry out self-catalysing activities which were named as ribozymes because they perform similar functions as the protein enzymes (Jaeger, 1997). Even though, RNA ribozymes lack the functional groups diversity found in protein enzymes, they are able to carry out their own catalytic reactions due to their tendency to fold into a 3D structure and form helices by Watson-Crick ba se pairing role (Kiehntopf et al. 1995). Ribozymes are now play critical role in the understanding of biochemistry, as they have the ability to catalyse some of the most important chemical reactions such as RNA splicing as well as the synthesis of peptides, for instance ribozymes can speed up the phosphoryl transfer chemical reactions by 1011 folds. This review will describe the structure, sources and applications of ribozymes. There are several naturally occurring ribozymes that have been identified to date; these are divided into three distinct classes. Firstly, the self splicing introns that fall into groups I and II respectively depending on their structure and the recognition sequences. Self splicing group I intron was the first ribozyme to b... ...the cells, the localisation of the ribozymes in the cells as well as the selection site of the messengerRNA (James and Gibson, 1998). Ribozymes are currently considered to hold many promises for the future development of gene therapy as they have the ability to splice and cleave any target RNA sequences. There are seven natural ribozymes known and several artificial ribozymes have been created. These artificial ribozymes are being used as therapeutic agent to target the aberrant gene expression in many lethal diseases such as cancer. The limitation of artificial ribozymes is mainly due to the difficulty in their delivery to the target cells. Therefore, more research needs to be conducted in thoroughly studying the organisation and structures of the natural RNA ribozymes to achieve successful artificial ribozymes that have complex function in the future.

My first trip

Immediately they unloaded Eider's shiny black Ford Focus, and headed to their hotel suite. Once they were inside they all picked out a room, and went to get a nights rest. Allison woke up before anyone else, so she went to make coffee. As the smell of the strong, coffee filled the suite, everyone began to awake. Dillon looked like half awaken zombie as he made his way to the kitchen. Allison poured everyone a cup of coffee, and turned on the TV Just as the breath taking image of snow fell across the screen. It seemed to be the weather forecast for that very day.They all began to listen carefully as the weather man described the windy, wet, and snowy day that was ahead of them. They couldn't help but cringe. Weather conditions like that make for a harsh day on the side of the mountain. Allison seemed to be out her daze and back into her own head again, as Dillon started laughing. â€Å"What's that funny' Allison replied. â€Å"The look of anxiety on your face, Just stay calm, today will be fine! † Dillon said. He was right, maybe not the ideal weather for skiing but they would still enjoy it. Before Allison could say anything, Dillon started digging through the gear on the table.Looking at the mound of gear thrown everywhere it reminded them of a post tornado. Jackets, boots, goggles, gloves, helmets, and bibs completely dispersed. Allison knew that her bright silver boots would stand out, she backed up and evaluated the whole table. Sure enough she found them. Dillon then started complaining about his bindings on his board and criticized the salesman for his lack of knowledge about the gear he sales. As the knocking noise of the ski-lift drifted through the mountains, they all held on carefully, looking down at all the steep, scary, slopes below them.This was Ellison's first time skiing, so she was extremely excited to try it out! While the ski-lift rocked back and forth Dillon, told Allison some advice for surviving the slopes on the mountain. She coul dn't pay attention because she was so ecstatic to ski that his advice went in one ear and out the other. They came to the top of the lift and Jumped off, Allison fell onto her back as her skis slide out from under her feet, while Dillon lidded smoothly down the slick little hill proceeding the lift.Allison stood up in time to see the shiny snow start to fall down on the slopes. She snapped her feet back into the skis and looked down at the terrifyingly, steep mountains. Allison took a deep slow breath, no turning back now. Ellison's adrenaline picked up and flew through her body faster than the speed of lightening. She was amazed and terrified all together. Going down slopes made her feel like she is floating on air. With the snow leaving fresh layers of white dust laying al about, it felt like being shot straight out of a rocket.The slopes seemed endless. Her goggles kept fogging up, and the thought of falling off the side of the mountain or hitting a tree kept crossing her mind. W ith her face covered in freezing ice, she tried to clear her goggles while keeping her balance. She hadn't learned to slow down or stop on her skis yet, and instantly regretted it. While she attempted to swerve around the other hundreds of skiers, her speed had picked up so much that she became afraid of the next couple of actions that could cake place on the gigantic slope.Gaining even more speed, and losing more balance, she knew that she would have to stop herself soon before the speed took over her body and became dangerous. Taking a huge breath in, trying to stop her skis she was flung forward out of her skis, tumbling down the horrific hill. Completely disoriented from the fall, she tried to stand up but her legs were shaking like an uncontrollable seizure. She was soaking wet from the beyond freezing snow that covered her whole body. Dillon quickly approached her, carrying her skis, along with his board; His face seemed terrified. Are you okay, Ally? † Dillon asked, â⠂¬Å"I'm fine, Just a little shaken up† replied Allison. She knew she couldn't give up, finally standing back up but still feeling wobbly from the accident, she gave it another try. Knowing things could have ended much worse, she attempted it over and over again, until she got it right. Even though she had fallen down multiple times, skiing couldn't compare to any other feeling in the world, and she had a great time on her first skiing adventure!