Louise Bourgeois Essay

Much can be learned from the environment within which we live. What we see tells a lot about the society in which we live: belief system; politics; economic undertakings; kinship and material culture among others. Through material culture, we can get insight into the world that existed long before us. Culture can be defined as the way of life of people depicting their shared experiences, political and religious beliefs, technology, insights, attitudes, and material objects. (Li & Karakowsky) The sublime can be defined as the priced greatness or vast intensity in terms of biological, moral, mental, metaphysical, beauty, art or religion. Sublime is experienced over and over. It is embedded in our history, being, values, thoughts, concepts, world views, beliefs, and is responsible for our personalities (Bernadac 2007 p20) Main Body One of America’s renowned artist and sculptor, Louise Bourgeois, managed to capture the American Sublime through her artistic undertaking. She was born in Paris, France in December 25, 1911 but traveled to America in 1938 to perfect her artistic endeavor. She studied mathematics at the Sorbonne, and painting and sculpture in Ecole du Louvre, Ecole des Beaux-Arts, and Art Students League of New York. She worked as an assistant to Fernand Henri Leger- a French sculptor, painter, and film maker. She is popular for her work that depicts spiders, sculptures, drawings and literary work (National Gallery of Canada 2005 p16). As a way of depicting the society in which she was living, Bourgeois’ work is full of inanimate images of horrifying fear, ghosts, darkness, tortured people, and disabling mental illness to attempt to get at the source of these emotions and to uphold normality even in times of chaos. Her works helped depict the intellectual climate, social and historical conditions that existed then. (Gorovoy et al 2006 pp 27 -28) She captured the effects of the First World War through carving limbless sculptures and detached limbs and had most of his paintings and sculptures painted black to depict death and mourning, (Gorovoy et al 2006 p 24) e. g. the two headless fabric bodies attempting to make love shown below. She depicts the revolution of the western politics, largely constructivism, through posters that expressed sympathy towards the Russian regime which she displayed in Moscow. The Tate Modern exhibition catalogue indicates her inclination towards Communism. Bourgeois made abstract art pieces that reflected on her childhood experiences showing how relationships within the family were entwined together thus bringing in the aspect of kinship, socialization and acculturation. This depicts how her art gives us insight to how children were brought up back then. (Lippard 2003 pp 9-10) Her Femme Maison and Fallen woman series introduced the aspect of liberation of women. They depicted a female struggling to outgrow some house like structures within which she is trapped – that is attempting to outgrow the masculinity into which the women were entrapped. She depicts a rebellion against the negative masculinity through her work, The Destruction of a Father, in which rock figures surround a sacrificial slab full of butchered body parts. Thus: It has been suggested that her sculpture, The Blind Leading the Blind, has a religious connotation. According to Desmond Michael and Lloyd Michael (1870-1970) Bourgeois, inspired by the Cold War, made this sculpture and that the title was picked from the New Testament verse (Matthew 15:14) that describes how a blind man leading another blind man would end up in a ditch. The structure is shown below (Bernadac 2007) Bourgeois’ contribution to the American Sublime is best captured in New York’s Guggenheim Museum, the Centre Pompidou in Paris and London’s Tate Modern with their massive collection of her art work. In conclusion, the American Sublime has been captured through art in poetry, carvings, paintings, songs, books, and which take us back to the origins of the cultures of past American societies. Just like the origins of the American sublime can be traced through studying works of art, similarly, so can we understand much about its revolution from the contemporary art works. Louise Bourgeois has managed to get this through her sculptures, drawings and works of art – reflecting abstract as well as tangible aspects of living that relate to feelings, political standing, material culture, religious inclination, beliefs and kinship. References Bernadac, M (2007) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois† Rizzoli International North America pp 18 – 24 Gorovoy, J. , Carver R. & Read C. (2006) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois† Bellport Press University of Michigan pp 21-35 Lippard R (2003) â€Å"Overlay: contemporary art and the art of prehistory† Pantheon Books NY pp 7-16 National Gallery of Canada (2005) â€Å"Louise Bourgeois Maman† National Gallery Canada press pp 14-17

Hunger Games power of appearance Essay

In the novel The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character Katniss, is influenced not only be her personal wants and needs but also by the emotions of the people watching her. By carefully controlling the things she says and does, Katniss aims to present herself to the audience the way she wants them to percieve her. She aims to appear in love with Peeta in order to capture the hearts of the audience and the capital. She shows that she is smart and skilled in hopes of gaining sponsors. Lastly, she acts innocent to deceive President Snow. Strategically, she appears each of these ways at different times all in hopes of staying alive, wining the games and hopefully returning home to her family. While it may seem as if Katniss’ act to win over the audience began when she volunteered in place of her sister Prim at the reaping, this action came more out of love and protection for her sister than out of a desire to earn fans. Her real act starts during the opening ceremonies. Throughout this time, she begins to realize that if she is going survive she will have to hide her often hostile and unfriendly demeanor and appear likable to the audience who is ultimately responsible for keeping her alive. Her mentor, Haymitch, tells her that she has â€Å"as much charm as a dead slug† (117) which will get her nowhere with her new audience. When she appears during the opening ceremonies in the gown of fire holding Peetas’ hand, they stun the people of the capital with their beauty and togetherness and win their hearts for the first time. After this outing she must keep her appearance of togetherness strong if she has any desire to go far. Following the ceremonies, Peeta gave her a sweet smile, which she responds to with a kiss on the cheek all the while thinking to herself, â€Å"two can play that game† (72). This forced reaction is the start of her appearance and act of love. This desire to act in love with Peeta is the driving desire throughout the novel. This love is what really gives Katniss a chance in winning the games because not only does it make Katniss appear desirable, but also their togetherness makes the audience want them to survive. When Peeta first tells the audience during his interview with Caesar Flickerman that there is â€Å"one girl†(138) he has had a crush on forever and follows this by saying â€Å"she came here with me†(138) the audience immediately knows it must be Katniss and their relationship as star crossed lovers becomes a genuine thing for the audience to follow. While in the arena, Katniss is initially on her own, but without her knowledge, Peeta is continuing their romantic appearance by making choices that help keep Katniss alive. The popularity of their romance is what Katniss believes led to the rule change allowing two tributes from the same district to win. This rule change acted as the turning point in Katniss’ presentation of herself. Up until this point, all she has done is â€Å"managed not to kill him† (247) but when the rule changes she realizes it is time to fall in love again. She starts right away with a smile towards the camera in hopes of displaying to the capital her thrill that she no longer has to kill her one true love. Now it becomes Katniss’ turn to play into the â€Å"star crossed lover† theme by finding Peeta and saving his life. When caring for Peeta, she kisses him for the first time and is rewarded with a pot of hot broth and the connection between affection and rewards is cemented in place. If she wants to keep Peeta and herself alive she is going to have to give the audience something to really care about. â€Å"Star crossed lovers desperate to get home together. Two hearts beating as one. Romance,† (261) she thinks to herself, understanding that this is her ticket to win. The appearance of love is very difficult for Katniss to portray because not only is she not in love with Peeta, but she has never been in love. She turns the cave that they take refuge in into a love nest to help develop their love story. They spend many nights curled up together with kisses strategically timed to strengthen their romance for the audience. â€Å" I lean over and give Peeta a long, lingering kiss. I imagine the teary sighs emanating from the Capitol and pretend to brush away a tear of my own.†(281) Her believability is crucial to maintain fans and with time she hones her skills, knowing that the more in love she acts the better her chances of survival. When it comes down to saving Peeta’s life, Katniss must go to the feast and get him the medicine. While she knows this is risking her life, she also knows that just sitting there and watching him die is not an option and â€Å"the audience would hate (her)†(275) for that. The audience support is crucial so late in the games and having them hate her is no way to receive any help. Again, as a result of her good acting the audience follows through by sending her sleep syrup for Peeta, which allows her to go to the feast and get what will hopefully be medicine. This medicine saved Peetas’ life, subsequently saving her lover act. When they are on the verge of starvation, she knows she must improve her appearance of love to the audience in order to get help from a sponsor. She does this expertly, when talking to Peeta about having her attention. She tells him he doesn’t, â€Å"have much competition anywhere† (302) followed by a meaningful kiss. This does the trick and within a minute they are receiving a parachute filled with a feast and in her head she can hear Haymitches’ words saying, â€Å"Yes, that’s what I’m looking for sweetheart.†(302) If she had not played up their love in this situation they may have both starved to death ruining any chance of making it home. Her presentation of love continues until the very end, when they are the last two left and the rule changes to only allow one victor. How could Katniss possibly kill her â€Å"lover†? As an answer to this, they hold poisonous berries in their hands, kiss goodbye, and put them to their lips. In the nick of time, the trumpets blare announcing both as victors. Their love, which Katniss played up throughout the games, allowed them both to survive and the audience to have their happy ending. The necessity to keep the appearance of love alive does not end after the games are over. Because of her stint with the berries in the arena, Katniss is in trouble with the capital for showing them up. Haymitch warns her that her only defense is that, â€Å"you were so madly in love you weren’t responsible for your actions† (357). Now appearing in love is not only directed towards the audience but specifically towards the Gamemakers and President Snow. Love kept her alive in the arena and she needs it again to stay alive now that she is out. The girl-driven- crazy-by-love must now be coupled with an air of innocence if she wants to survive. As soon as she is in front of the audience and reunited with Peeta the desperation to look in love hits her, and she is practically on top of him kissing him all over. During the closing interview, her look of love is crucial and she follows through talking about how she first knew she was in love with him when there was the rule change and the â€Å"chance she could keep him†(368). She adds to this saying she is going to put him somewhere where he cannot get hurt, which is met with a sigh from the audience. When defending her decision with the berries she keeps the appearance going explaining what was going on in her mind, â€Å"I don’t know, I just.. Couldn’t bear the though of †¦being without him.†(369) This seals the deal of love and innocence, which keeps her and Peeta alive†¦for now. While appearing in love with Peeta was the major way Katniss was able to get sponsors and survive, it was not the only way she aimed to present herself. Showing the audience that she was skilled, strong and smart was also an important part of her survival in the games. Not only were these attributes a literal part of her survival but by presenting herself strategically in these ways, coupled with her loveable side she was able to really win over her fan base. The first time the audience learns she is skilled is by her extremely high training room score of 11. She earns this score with her jaw dropping performance with the bow and arrow, but no one outside the game makers knows how she received it. After starting out with such a bang, once in the arena she must hold the audience’s attention if she wants to be noticed. She first thinks about her camera performance when she says, â€Å"I need to look one step ahead of the game,†(164) cocking her head slightly and giving th e camera a knowing smile. This occurs when faced with the surprise that Peeta has grouped up with the careers. She figures this way she can appear to the capital to be on top of things rather than show the perplexity she truly feels. When she senses that she has the screen of the capital, she is careful to hide her emotions and consider the reaction each of her behaviors might have. By hiding her emotions and showing her mental strength she shows the audience that she will be able to make it far in the games and that she is a deserving tribute for them to bet on and sponsor. She shows her physical strength after being attacked by the fire and contracting serious burns, â€Å"pity does not get you aid. Admirations at your refusal to give in do†(179) she thinks to herself as a response to her pain. Her perseverance shows that she is deserving of help when she really needs it. The burn cream she receives that enables her to be productive again is a gift from sponsors that see her potential because the way she has presented herself. Katniss understands that the events in the arena are all for show and her ability to portray herself in certain fashions allow her to be partially in control of this show. Her ability to hone her appearance to be one of love, strength, skill and smarts is what in the end enables her to win the Hunger Games. If she had approached the games as a normal competition rather than a televised event, her success would have been arguably different.

Australian Aboriginal Dot Art Essay Example for Free

Australian Aboriginal Dot Art Essay Aboriginal art has been overshadowed by the idea that it is primarily presented in dots. It has got to the point where people believe that certain Aboriginal people own the dot and artists both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal are hesitant to use consecutive dots within artwork. Explain how the above has evolved and where dot art has come from Dot paintings today are recognised globally as unique and integral to Australian Aboriginal art. On the surface the dot is simply a style of Aboriginal painting, like the use of cross-hatching or stencil art. Exploring deeper into the history of the Aboriginal dot painting a world of camouflage, secrecy and ritual is discovered. The term ‘dot painting’ stems from what the Western eye sees when faced with contemporary Aboriginal acrylic paintings. This painting style arose from the Papunya art movement in the 1970s. Papunya Tula artists used a process which originally mirrored traditional spiritual ceremonies. In such rituals the soil would be cleared and smoothed over as a canvas (much like the dark, earthy boards used by the Papunya Tala) for the inscription of sacred designs, replicating movements of ancestral beings upon earth. These Dreaming designs were outlined with dancing circles and often surrounded with a mass of dots. Afterward the imprinted earth would be smoothed over, painted bodies rubbed away, masking the sacred-secrets which had taken place. This ritual was shifted from ground to canvas by the Papunya Tula who eventually added an array of naturally produced colours to the restricted palette of red, yellow, black and white produced from ochre, charcoal and pipe clay. Such pieces reveal a map of circles, spirals, lines, dashes and dots, the traditional visual language of the Western Desert Aboriginal People. However these marks were permanent and due to arising interest made public, creating internal political uproar. Consequently representations of sacred objects were forbidden or concealed through the dotting technique. Now that the collecting of pieces of Aboriginal art has become so popular world-wide, a common, mistaken belief is that the Dot Painting Style of Central Australia is a recent development. This belief arises because it was in the 1960s that a Central Australian school teacher encouraged the old men of the tribe to record their art on European sheets of board, using acrylic paints. This use of acrylic paints on flat board dates from that time. However, the art style itself, with geometric designs, is seen in the petroglyphs (rock engravings) dating back thousands of years. Ancient petroglyphs showing concentric circles (non-naturalistic art style), inland South Australia The use of dots was once Australia-wide, particularly seen on body decoration when people are painted for ceremonies, and paintings in the remote Kimberley region where dots are clearly seen on the body decoration of some of the earliest human figures, likely to be older than 20,000 years. See accompanying photo. ) Dot decoration on the body of an ancient human figure, Kimberley Aboriginal Art: Traditional to Contemporary The resurgence of Australian Indigenous art has become one of the ‘most brilliant and exciting new eras of modern art. ‘ It has grown with such amazing diversity and enthusiasm that art critic, Robert Hughes, has described it as ‘the last great art movement. ‘ For indigenous Australians art has been a part of their culture and tradition for thousands of years and is recognised as one of the oldest living art traditions. Though, over the past 30 years it has progressed from being confined primarily to the tourist industry, to become a richly, evolving international art movement. Since the Renaissance of Aboriginal art during the early 1970’s, Aboriginal artists have been encouraged to find new, innovative ways of incorporating cultural traditions into their imagery. This encouragement first began through an art teacher, Geoffrey Bardon, who became the catalyst for contemporary Aboriginal art. Fascinated by the traditional sand designs created by Indigenous children in Papunya, Bardon encouraged the Aboriginal community to re-create their Dreamtime stories through paintings. He introduced them to acrylic paint and from there Aboriginal art gained a more permanent form and the style, popularly known as ‘dot art’, emerged as the most recognisable form of Aboriginal art. It was a new form of art which also allowed Aborigines to, for the first time, express to the rest of Australia and the world, the ancient traditions of their culture. Many Aboriginal artists have chosen to continue practicing traditional art as a means of conserving the conventional method of creating, inherited from their tribal ancestors. Their content, which is explicitly aboriginal, is usually derived from their history and culture, as a continuation of the spiritual link they possess with their country. Research When The emergence of ‘dot’ paintings by Indigenous men from the western deserts of Central Australia in the early 1970s has been called the greatest art movement of the twentieth century. Prior to this, most cultural material by Indigenous Australians was collected by anthropologists. Consequently, collections were found in university departments or natural history museums worldwide, not art galleries. Where That all changed at a place called Papunya. Papunya was a ‘sit-down’ place established in the early 1960s, 240 kilometres northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory (NT). The settlement brought together people from several western desert language groups: the Pintupi, Warlpiri, Arrernte (Aranda), Luritja, and the Anmatyerr, who were unaccustomed to living in close proximity to each other. Dot Painting or Aboriginal Dot Art originated in the desert using natural substances on the ground in the sand. Those pictures in the sand are not unlike the paintings we see today produced using acrylic paints. The acrylic paintings are usually done using acrylic paint and it is applied to canvas or art board with various diameter sticks dipped into paint and then applied one dot at a time. The Australian Aborigine of the western desert constructed their stories using ochre, sand, blood, coal from their fires and plant material placed together on the ground clump by clump for various ceremonial occasions. If you look at the desert landscape from the height of any small bluff or hill what you see looking down are clumps of growth scattered about a red landscape. The spinifix grass, desert hardwood bush and occasional rocks or rock outcrops make up the myriad of dots that seem to cover the landscape. Because everything in the desert has meaning to the Australian Aborigine these seemingly unimportant arrays of pattern in the desert have special meaning to the Dot painters of the western desert. If you were to ever fly over the desert low enough to see what was on the ground you would see what he dot painting has replicated for you to see. These dots are a myriad of clumps of natural splendour which might go unnoticed had you not seen a dot painting and looked to see what it was about. The arrangement of the plants, rocks and water are all part of the spirit of creation and it is because of this placement that Aboriginal people have traversed the deserts safely without printed maps for th ousands of years. The placement and arrangement of all of these natural things are in songs and these songs are often sung while the painting is being created. Nearly every painting has a song and the songs often disclose important ceremonial facts about a particular region or area. These important ceremonial places are often in the paintings but because they are sacred to Aboriginal people they are camouflaged in some way, visible to the initiated person but invisible to others who do not know what to look for. Many paintings contain these special hidden meanings and the new owners of these paintings will never know what the whole story of their purchased painting is about. Only over time may some insight be gained from looking at the painting. This is a point of pride among the Australian Aboriginal artists because they see the purchase of their art or for them the sale of their art, as a validation of their race and culture by others. This is because a value has been placed on the art. Since the Australian Aboriginal culture is depicted in all traditional paintings they are passing down their knowledge in the only way they are able, to those who have yet to understand it. The Aboriginal people do not have a written language so these painting of their stories and ceremonies are all they have to save this culture for future generations. The colour and the placement of the dots are important to depicting the visible message and camouflaging the hidden message in Aboriginal dot art. Even the over painting of an area of the work has special significance and may convey different messages. Some people gifted with a since of tactile feeling are able to feel a special vibrancy emanating from their painting. Who Many of the significant early artists at Papunya were senior men who had vivid memories of their first contact with white people. Typically, they came out of the desert as adults during the 1950s drought and their connection to ritual law was strong. The first artists’ collective, Papunya Tula Artists, was set up in 1972 by men from this settlement. Papunya Tula Artists was the inspiration and model for many other Indigenous artists’ collectives. In 2009 there are 42 desert Indigenous art communities represented by Desert. The artwork was seen as a way to keep the culture alive, and carry Indigenous stories to the world. The movement was seen as being about recollection and cultural memories linked to Dreaming’s’ or story types. Why the modern aboriginal â€Å"dot art† movement started? Geoffrey Bardon AM (1940–2003) Geoffrey Bardon began working as an art teacher at Papunya Special School in 1971. Concerned that the school’s curriculum, appearance and ethos seemed out of step with Aboriginal culture, Bardon attempted unsuccessfully to involve his class in painting a series of murals on the school walls. Thereupon Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri and others created the Honey Ant Mural, which inspired many senior men to ask Bardon for painting materials and eventually begin painting in the Men’s Painting Room. The Men’s Painting Room, Papunya – Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula can be seen in the middle ground painting a Kalinypa Water Dreaming. His two boomerangs are placed in front of the board as percussion instruments, ready to be used to accompany the verses of the Water Dreaming, sung at intervals during the painting process, June-August 1971 Photo: Michael Jensen Convinced of the groundbreaking importance of what he was witnessing, Bardon made comprehensive photographic, moving film and written records of the artists and the paintings that they produced while he was at Papunya. From his primary research, Bardon wrote three books and made three films that initiated public interest in Western Desert art. In 1988 Bardon was awarded the Order of Australia Medal for his unique contribution to the Western Desert art movement. The Honey Ant Mural, July 1971 Geoffrey Bardon and his Arerrnte assistant, Obed Raggett, had noticed people drawing designs in the sand at Papunya. Following this precedent, they drew circles and spirals on the blackboard in an unsuccessful attempt to encourage their class of adolescent boys to paint a series of murals on a whitewashed, cement-rendered wall of the Papunya Special School. In late July 1971, after painting a series of smaller practice murals, seven painters collaborated in the painting of a monumental mural representing the Honey Ant Dreaming specific to the site of Papunya. Working under the direction of custodians Mick Wallangkarri Tjakamarra and Tom Onion Tjapangati, the artists included Kaapa Tjampitjinpa, Billy Stockman Tjapaltjarri, Long Jack Phillipus Tjakamarra, Johnny Warangkula Tjupurrula and Don Ellis Tjapanangka. The Honey Ant Mural, a bold expression of Aboriginal culture in a government settlement, occasioned great rejoicing at Papunya and inspired immense pride in the community. Geoffrey Bardon in front of the Honey Ant Mural, Papunya, August 1971 Photo: Robert Bardon  © artists and their estates 2011, licensed by Aboriginal Artists Agency Limited and Papunya Tula Artists Pty Ltd Pintupi people from the Western Desert Pintupi is the name of a Western Desert language spoken by Aboriginal people who belong to a large stretch of country in the Gibson Desert of Western Australia and the western edge of the Northern Territory. When the Pintupi arrived in the government settlements east of their traditional lands between the 1930s and the 1950s, they adopted the term ‘Pintupi’ to distinguish themselves from the surrounding Aboriginal inhabitants as the ‘people from the west’. They were among the last Aboriginal people in Australia to abandon their nomadic lifestyle, the last family arriving into the newly established community of Kiwirrkura in 1984. In Papunya, the Pintupi, bound to each other by their dominant loyalties of relatedness and kinship, were ostracised due to their lack of conversance with kartiya (non-Aboriginal) customs and their perceived lack of sophistication. Diversity within â€Å"dot art† – showing two different artists works. Uta Uta Tjangala – Traditional Artist Uta Uta Tjangala, who is an exemplar of the historical cultural tradition, Uta Uta’s painting career and reputation is closely aligned to the artistic renaissance that began at Papunya in 1971. He was a founding member of the men’s painting group, inspired other Pintupi tribesmen, and becoming one of the most senior and influential painters amongst the group. Born in Western Australia in Drovers Hills, he made the epic journey to Haasts Bluff with his family during the severe drought of the mid to late 1950’s in the company of Charlie Tarawa. Two years later, after returning to his homelands, he made the journey once more with Timmy Payungka, Pinta Pinta and their families. Uta Uta Tjangala (early years) Employed as a gardener at the Papunya school Uta Uta, then in his 40’s, became one of the original group drawing and painting on composition board with encouragement from art teacher Geoff Bardon. When supplying paints to Uta Uta and his gathering group of enthusiastic friends, Bardon suggested the men use their existing cultural symbols to depict their Dreamings and links to the land. The Pintupi men, having been pushed from their traditional homelands by government policy and European development, painted under a bough shelter behind the camp ‘pouring into their work their acute longing for the places depicted †¦ and chanting the song cycles that told the stories of the designs as they worked’ . These early works aroused strong protest within Aboriginal communities when first exhibited in Alice Springs in 1974 because of the disclosure of secret and sacred knowledge. A period of experimentation followed, resulting in the development of a symbolic language of classic ideograms and the characteristic dot covered areas that veil sacred elements from the uninitiated. The large, tribally mixed population of Papunya intensified the interaction, but under the influence of artists like Uta Uta, the painting group was able to break through the political and cultural constraints toward a safer stylistic conformity, and prepare the way for personal and distinctive styles to emerge. Uta Uta in particular, with his exciting and charismatic personality as well as his bold and dynamic style, played a vital role in these developments. Bardon recalled many years later, ‘everything that came from him was genuine’ . Uta Uta’s 1971 and 1972 paintings generally featured major story elements with only the barest dotted in-fill within the iconography and small sections of the background. The aesthetic balance and harmony of these works is derived through colour and weight rather than by a geometric division of the painted surface. The rather crude dotting and line work of these early paintings on board embues them with an energy and power that is less apparent in his later more technically proficient works. His paintings are far stronger and more powerful when the clean unadorned background remains, unlike paintings by his contemporary Kaapa, whose early works became more aesthetically appealing as he began to in-fill the background. In developing a style that censored the more secret and sacred content in his painting, Uta Uta added more dot-work as the years went by. He painted more Tingari sites completely surrounded by neat dots that became less and less detailed. Despite his advancing age during the late 1970’s he continued to paint as he spent increasing time at outstations west of Papunya and, at the beginning of the 1980’s, he completed what was to become one of the most important and revered works of the entire Western Desert art movement. Yumari 1981, possibly his largest and most significant painting, reveals the mythical Tingari ancestors traveling across vast stretches of country as they create sites and institute rituals. Yumari is a rocky outcrop in his home country and the key ceremonial site of the area. Story elements and natural features blend seamlessly into a beautifully balanced geometry of concentric circles and connecting lines that enclose a central, abstracted figure. This body continues rather than interrupts the intense, minutely dotted background configurations, yet still holds the central focus. The work is characterised by the sinuous movement of converging regular and irregular shapes, accentuated by outlining white dots. The predominant use of an earthy red alongside vivid yellow ochre, further emphasizes the assertive quality in this cohesive and powerful statement of Aboriginal tradition. The work was exhibited at the XVIII Bienal de Sao Paulo in 1983 and is now in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. While painting Yumari, important discussions were taking place at Papunya concerning the move back to the Pintupi homelands at Kintore. Land rights legislation during the 1970’s returned ownership of the land to its traditional owners and Uta Uta was a strong advocate for resettlement. Australian Aboriginal Dot Art. (2016, Oct 14).

Contingent Liabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contingent Liabilities - Essay Example From this definition, it can be viewed from two aspects. The first aspect of the definition of provisions describe that the provisions are actually the liability. Provisions are directly referred to as the liabilities of the business but not the usual and general liabilities which are recognized in the balance sheet of the business. Provisions are the special type of liability of the business that is described as another head in the capital and liabilities portion of the balance sheet. The other main feature described by the definition of the provisions is that it is a liability of uncertain amount and uncertain timing. It means that the provisions are not certain in terms of their amount and timing but their nature is known to the accountant. It is known that a certain expense of certain type is going to take place in the future but the exact amount and exact time of the expense is not known to the accountant of the business. Therefore, provisions are the best estimates of the expenses that are going to take place in the future. Liability is defined in the International Accounting Standards as the present obligation as a result of past events and the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow of resources. This definition of liabilities also describes the nature and the expected outcome of the liability on the overall business. Hence, a liability is a present obligation which has arisen due to the result of past events and in order to settle that obligation it is probable that the outflow of resources will happen in the near future. Hence the provision is the preparation of the liability whose amount and timing is uncertain but there is surety that the liability will arise at some point in time sooner or later in the future. The concept of provisions provide the accountants with a cushion time to get themselves prepared for the issues that are to rise in the future and therefore, save money for the settlement of future liabilities in the present time. The main point in the provisions is that it is the best estimate of the future amount in present time. IAS 37 recognizes the problem of provisions in accounting and provides a rule to recognize the provision s in the balance sheet. IAS 37 says that the provisions should be recognized by an entity if and only if: a present obligation (legal or constructive) has arisen as a result of a past event (the obligating event), payment is probable ('more likely than not'), and The amount can be estimated reliably. These are the rules which tell the entity when to recognize a provision in the balance sheet. Firstly an obligation has arisen as a result of past events and it is also probable that the payment is to be made for that obligation and the amount of the payment can be reliably measured. These rules are used in many countries of the world to recognize the provisions in the balance sheets of the businesses and are successful in addressing the problem of provision recognition in the balance sheet. Provisions provide the detailed information about liabilities facing the entity. Liabilities like trade creditors etc. provide the information about the liabilities of the business to be paid by the business and the amount and timing of which are certain at present. However, the presence of provisions in the entity's balance sheet prepares those responsible for decision making, to arrange and save the

The rise and influence of Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War 2 Essay

The rise and influence of Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War 2 - Essay Example Franklin Delano Roosevelt, America’s longest serving President, is one of the most important political figures of the twentieth century. He led the USA through twelve years of domestic and international disorder and war. It is a general perception among people that no American President is more concerned about how he is portrayed than Franklin Roosevelt. He shrouded himself in dozens of disguises, including Sphinx, Father, Doctor, and Captain of the Ship of State. One main theme was consistent. Franklin Roosevelt invariably represented himself and was portrayed by others, as hale, hearty, optimistic, and healthy, his most brilliant disguise. That image of vigor makes ironic the debate over the depiction of Roosevelt in his memorial statues in Washington, DC, and raises complex issues about the portrayal of the best known but most enigmatic president of the twentieth century.Historians have always ranked Roosevelt as one of the greatest presidents of the United States along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Franklin Roosevelt and World War II Between 1929 and 1945 the United States experienced a global depression and another world war. During t his time of grave calamity almost everywhere, economic collapse called forth political instability and nationalist movements. In Europe and Asia the rise of Italian fascism, German Nazism, and Japanese militarism intensified economic competition over markets and scarce resources, resulting in conflict and war . In the countries of Latin America the Great Depression led to breakdowns and political difficulties, the consequences of which encouraged the United States to respond in distinctive ways by fashioning a Good Neighbor policy. The Great Depression, which set in after the historic Stock Market Crash of 1929, and World War II would bring substantial expansion of the practice and its concepts. President Franklin D Roosevelt, a consummate practitioner who had been tutored in public relations by Louis McHenry Howe since 1912, would lead the way. He was elected four times against the strong opposition of the majority of American newspapers by using his true strong leadership and taking his message to the people on the nation's front pages and on radios. The term "good neighbor", a kind of commonplace in diplomatic language, took on actual meaning during the presidencies of Herbert C. Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. For Latin Americans the term signified the end of an era of direct intervention by the United States in Latin American affairs. For the Roosevelt administration the Good Neighbor policy also functioned significantly in other ways: It served as an international counterpart of the New Deal by attacking the economic effects of the Great Depression and later as a means of mobilizing resistance among the nations of the New World against the Axis powers during the Second World War. As the historian Robert Freeman Smith explains, taken together the various components formed "a massive, although ill-defined government effort" under U.S direction to create "an integrated hemisphere system" characterized by high levels of "political, economic and military co-operation". FDR's success in winning public support spurred the efforts of the conservative forces, particularly Big Business, to develop programs to counter his appeals. To bring the United States out of the Depression, President Roosevelt initiated a number of actions agencies - the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Project Administration - that required extensively publicity in order to gain cooperation and acceptance. Thus, the public information system in the federal government was greatly enlarged in FDR's administration. In a sense and to oversimplify - the Second World

Executive Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Executive Summary - Assignment Example This initiative seeks to establish a customer support service within the outpatient section of the hospital to ensure that some services which were previously not being provided to the clients are made available to them (Wolper, 2011). Therefore, it is evident that many hospitals across the state lack personalised one on one interaction services to their clients whereby critical issues that affect them on the daily basis are discussed and relevant advice be given to them to ensure they stand a better position tackling those problems effectively (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). This customer support service will be basically based on offering valuable information and advice to the clients of the hospital on crucial issues that include; the importance and use of contraceptives, cancer awareness, HIV/AIDS counselling and other home care information that the clients may seek to be enlightened on (Weese & Tucholka, 2007). The program will be a sensitization initiative that will be providing support services to clients on issues affecting them daily in their health life. According to a research that was conducted recently by the university of Liverpool it indicated many people who end up suffering from chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and other immune depressing ailments do so as a result of lack of adequate information on way od leading health lifestyles that will free them from the risk of contracting those disease (Guah, 2011). Basically the customer support service will be offering information to the clients on how to lead healthy lifestyles this will involve information on the types of food and physical activities that people need to take, consultation on the use of contraceptives and also advice on how to manage diseases such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, diabetes etc. (Cleverley, Cleverley & Song, 2011). The customer support service that we intend to roll out

Accounting-Audting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accounting-Audting - Assignment Example Secondly, the committee has the powers to influence appropriate actions against fraud which aids governance in terms of ethics establishment. Thirdly, they enhance both internal and external audit functions as internal auditors report to them and they have the ability of monitoring external auditors’ activities1. According to ISA (400) the failure of tests of control on the preliminary assessment about control risk has the effect of derailed effectiveness of the specific control, this result into ineffectiveness of the audit conducted according to the audit plan1. There are a variety of the sales system weaknesses derail the sales performance. They include: first; Need for approval, the document and those handling them need to be approved at each stage which has never been the case in this system. Secondly, there is the likelihood that the parties involved in the process may be emotionally involved hence derailing prospective focus that would result into loss of control1. Thirdly, there is self limiting in the manner in which the records of sales are collected and unfairly allocated; this is in the case where the driver handles all the invoices with the management remaining with none. Fourth, the buy cycle is not quite supportive to the sales system since apart from simply making payments of deliveries they do nothing else to support in the audit process therefore the buyers do not at in any way required to support the selling process. Fifth, the sales system in question is quite insensitive to the critical issues that revolve around money wh ether payment or receipt1. Within the entire sales department there is actually non among the salespeople who mentions any issue around budget in terms of whether there is a prospect likely to afford the product offered by John limited or not. The existence for assertion for inventory is verified using numerous processes among which is

Event Critiques Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Event Critiques - Article Example ng of the Light: Film as Medium and Metaphor done by a group of six American artists and In Transit: Between Image and Object by Dike Blair, Hugh Scott-Douglas and others. The venue was aptly decorated to capture an artistic mood as well the American heritage through wall paintings, choice of curtains, stage arrangement and arrangement of sits. Everyone was carried into the mood of the occasion by merely looking at the setting. The stage presentation of the various art works marked the events climax with their sophisticated stage coordination and presence. The themes of their works, Waterston depicting inequality and economic disparities in the society, artists behind the Dying of the Light portraying art and particularly film as symbolic work while In Transit exploring parallel between physical movement of art and visual information flow engaged the audience in a super awesome manner. Audience was actively invited artistically to think visually about the society, the impact of art w ork on our cultures and entertainment as well as politics. In my reaction therefore I conclude that the event was perfectly planned, timed and executed. It is an important event to our art industry as people come to meet artists exhibiting their works on live stage and therefore appreciate the potential of art in entertaining, educating and highlighting society’s inefficiencies. Such events promote peace as people meet, enjoy together and support the industry art together and as such should be encouraged at all costs. Security should also be heightened in venues of such events to bar ill motivated individuals from

To what extent do you think Curley's wife is responsible for her own Essay

To what extent do you think Curley's wife is responsible for her own death - Essay Example She wanted to have some fun but was suddenly killed. Who can be blamed for such an odd death? Nowadays a person like Lennie would not be put to death for such acts, but did justice really triumphed in Steinbeck’s novella?   The question is worth-discussing, so the present paper will try to find the answer to it. The given writing will try to prove that Curley’s wife still can be considered responsible for her own death. The real fault of Lennie There is a famous proverb that teaches us to forgive â€Å"As you blame others, blame yourself; as you would forgive yourself, forgive others†. The proverb precisely portrays a perfect situation in which we forgive others and consider ourselves to be guilty in our misfortunes. In reality, when some accident happens people tend to blame others in order to authorize themselves as much as it is possible in this or that situation. In the situation under consideration we will dare to state that Lennie was not completely guilt y of Curley’s wife death. Certainly, nowadays a person would be unavoidably convicted for such crime, even if a good lawyer would prove that it was manslaughter, but he would not be cruelly punished taking into account his disability. The irresponsibility of George and Curley’s wife It is also right and can’t be denied that George as well as Curley’s wife manifested great irresponsibility. Really, George left Lennie along notwithstanding that he knew pretty well that Lennie was mentally disabled. Curley’s wife in her turn also knew about Lennie’s disability but still did everything to provoke him to kill her. Lennie told her: â€Å"George says I ain’t to have nothing to do with you — talk to you or nothing†(A Mice and Men). However, she continued bothering him: â€Å"All the guys got a horseshoe tenement goin’ on. It’s on’y about four o’clock. None of them guys is goin’ to leave that t enement. Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely†(A Mice and Men). She knew about his disability and these actions were too stupid and too inappropriate. She had also a chance to learn about Lennie’s strength: â€Å"I was jus’ playin’ with him.... an’ he made like he’s gonna bite me.... an’ I made like I was gonna smack him.... an’.... an’ I done it. An’ then he was dead† (The Mice and Men). She could assume that if he killed his puppy by chance, he can kill by chance, so it is dangerous to be open with him. Moreover, she was glaringly dressed and this could also provoke Lennie. Certainly we may argue that the woman couldn’t even imagine such accident to have happened, however, being aware about his disability, she should have behaved with caution. In our time disabled people are accused of crimes but are not cruelly punished for them as they can’t be f ully responsible for their acts and simply need more care. Under no circumstances such people should be left alone. Therefore, if George had not left Lennie alone, the unhappy accident wouldn’t have happened. The reason of tragic event Tragic event happened when Lennie appeared unsupervised. Every person has a right to defend himself, but due to his mental disability, Lennie could do that only using his strength, so he started to grab Curley’s wife hair, because the woman was too open with him and this led to the weird death. She can be blamed for own death, because every person should know

Assignments questions for course (Introduction to Mass Media 110 01) Assignment

Assignments questions for course (Introduction to Mass Media 110 01) - Assignment Example In terms of moral value, the song is not offensive and can be enjoyed by people of all ages. In the dimension of emotions, the song teaches one to smile even in the face of adversity. This is in the line where the singer says that he does not car whether someone gives them bad news. In the cognitive dimension, the song opens up the mind to feel happiness by comparing it with sunshine and freedom. â€Å"Scandals† is a TV series that is premiered on the TV. The themes of this series are bad governance, use of power to one’s advantage and infidelity. A child who is 5-8 years watching this show would learn how the people in government operate and more on national affairs such as elections. Emotionally, the child would learn to let reason override their emotions. Morally, the child would learn that they should get what they want in life even when it involves hurting other people. If a child watched the show through adolescence without parental guidance they would tend to have delinquency behavior as they would tend to believe that even if they make a mistake, everything can be

Meaning of life Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life Essay The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition, using methods that are largely analytic, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences. The humanities, such as classical and modern languages, literature, history, and philosophy, have the overall goal of the exploration and explanation of human experience. Some would include the fine arts (music, art, dance, and drama) in the humanities, but others view the arts as a separate category. (We include the interpretation of the fine arts in this course). In most disciplines in the humanities, written texts are extremely important, especially in history, philosophy, and literature. Historians attempt a systematic documentation and analysis of events related to a particular people, country, or period. Literary authors and artists attempt to capture for others their own human experiences and understanding of the world. The humanities involve inquiry into consciousness, values, ideas, and ideals as they seek to describe how experiences shape our understanding of the world. Humanities can be defined as educational courses that are aimed at teaching individuals about the human condition in a variety of forms. Important of Humanities The importance of humanities is that it is an academic discipline that studies the human condition, it includes ancient and modern languages, such as literature, philosophy, religion, and visual and performing arts such as music and theater, and it is also regarded as social sciences that include history, anthropology, area studies, communication studies, cultural studies, law, economics, and linguistics. All these subjects affect us a humans and has an effect on our historical development as well as where we are headed to. Humanities is the oldest area of study that revolves around the study of human beings, what makes us human, and our historical development and what we are expected to do. Significant use of humanities is that they help us to build up what we have inherited from previous generations. It is important we understand that all that we are today has taken centuries to build and us a society we have indeed been molded by our past. It is through this understanding that makes us not want to go back to  question our origin but build on our present to face the future. The other importance of humanities is that they help us as human being to reflect back on how the past generations tackled issues that are facing us currently. As opposed to the natural sciences that focus on quantitative explanations as well description of life events, humanities explicitly focus on explanations of value. Humanities are liken to arts but it’s important to note that they are intuitive rather than critical, analytical and not expressive, reflective and active. As a whole humanities look back on our curiosity about our human nature and human culture creation. The other importance of humanities is that they are the basis of learning. They involve the study of writing, reading, thinking and language. Branches of Humanities The branches of humanities consist of languages, the arts, literature, philosophy, religion and history. Languages This particular branch of humanities consists of learning the way people communicate in different speaking countries. It brings a sense of culture to individuals as they are likely to be taught the various history and origins of the languages they learn. The Arts The arts consist of theater, music, art and film. They are all mediums of self expression and these courses in particular encourage personal interpretation and analysis. Fine arts courses also come into this category; however, they focus more on the historical forms of art and their origins. Literature Literature refers to novels, short stories, plays and so on. Individuals attempt to decipher the meaning of texts and look into symbolism and themes. Literature courses delve into social aspects that may influence texts. Philosophy and religion These courses study human behavior and the age-old questions such as the meaning of life and the existence of God. They analyze various cultures and their religious beliefs as well as moral codes. History This is arguably the most facts-based course as individuals delve into past events such as war and politics and how societies and cultures have been affected throughout the years. References: http://writing. colostate. edu/guides/teaching/co301aman/pop6b. cfm http://education. blurtit. com/1978174/what-is-humanities-and-its-branches http://www. ask. com/question/importance-of-humanities http://humanitiesforums. org/2012/07/16/the-importance-of-humanities-as-a-discipline/.

Food - Taste Essay Example for Free

Food Taste Essay College students do not have much time to make their own meals on a regular basis because they are busy with work and school. In lieu of home cooked meals, fast food is the number one choice that comes to mind. Fast food is quick, taste pretty delicious, and is inexpensive for the average college student. In many cases, there is a wider variety of fast food places in radius of the school campus to choose from. Even college students can always find what they are searching for in reasonable situations. When there is not enough time to go to the supermarket and buy the essential groceries needed to make a home cooked meal, there is always the quickest solution of going to a fast food place. Here, an employee will make what is desired with little to no wait. Any college student can run in, order what they want, and be back out with their food in hand and still be able to do everything on their agenda without being rushed. Drive through is also always available to those who do not want to enter the facility and for those who own a vehicle. What is even better about fast food is the fact that many places allow to put in a future order. Then there would be no wait for the food that was ordered. No one wants to eat food that does not appeal to their taste buds. Not even the college students whose diet consists of junk food. Students want something that taste delicious when they are eating it. Luckily, there is almost every kind of fast food joint that will appeal to one person or another. Fast food tastes extremely good because it is food that is not usually eaten on a day to day schedule. The taste of fast food will make any student fulfilled with its appetizing selections. Money, no matter what day and age, will always be a concern and with the option of buying fast food, it does not have to be a worry. Fast food is not at all expensive to the everyday college student. For seven dollars, a student can have a sandwich, a side, and unlimited fountain drinks. Many facilities have a â€Å"value† or â€Å"dollar† menu where food can be bought for even cheaper than what is seen on the regular, full-priced menu. If seven dollars were to be an issue, a student could get two hamburgers and a small drink for three dollars plus tax. They would still get unlimited refills plus an extra three dollars and change in their pocket. With the money left over, they could go the next day and buy the same thing as the day prior. Whether it is french fries or a side salad, fast food places give the average student such a wide variety to choose from.

Develop A Change Management Strategy With Stakeholders Business Essay

Develop A Change Management Strategy With Stakeholders Business Essay The stakeholder is most important part of stakeholder management. Analysis of stakeholder is the process of to knowing the groups or individual those are possible to affect or be pretentious by a proposed action and organisation to their impact on the. It is significant to value the perspective of  stakeholders. They should be able to involve in direction of a business, as if a wrong decision is made against their will, they would have  lost investment  in a way that could have been avoided (Friedman (2000)).  Stakeholders must be fulfilled at least modestly or public policies, organisations, community, or even countries and civilization will not succeed (Huntingdon (1996)). Specific stakeholder definition be different, concurs in the need for stakeholder support to construct and continue pleasing coalitions (Riker 1986; Baumgartner and Jones, 1993) and to make certain continuing possibility of organisations (Eden and Ackermann (1998), Bryson, Gibbons and Shay (2000), Abramson and Kamensky, (2001)) as well as strategy, strategy, and preparation. Here factors which affects strength of stakeholder organisation: Establishment: independent with clear objects and configuration.(Terry Macdonald, 2008) Member: Representative and acceptable, high level of association. Financial funds : acceptable and sustainable to fund involvement Staff and workplace holders: appropriate skills to bring selected functions. This includes strong support skills. Policy: clear and attainable polices. Visibility: to be identify for task accomplishment (Jaime Rivera, ((2007) Further that analysis of Stakeholder firstly to identify who are stakeholders then after to find out influence, interest and power, so you know to whom you should focus. Finally the good understanding of the stakeholder management of visibility is encouraged by the personal goals and moral concerns and thats why it is important for managing impressions and group change. The finally expand a good considerate of the most significant stakeholders. So that you know how they are probable to take achievement that you can outline this analysis on a stakeholder management Develop a change management strategy with stakeholders Strategy for stakeholder Classify the stakeholders whose commitment is required. Each kind of stakeholder, explain the required change, superficial benefits and anticipated resistance.( Michael Jay Polonsky,  2008) Expand accomplishment plans together with ones for the stakeholder groups that are not satisfactorily commit. Significant group regularly ignored is higher-level organisation; they must be integrated one of the key groups. (Rogers, Everett M.2003) Change management strategy Change management strategy is key factor for organisation. It is involve direct or indirect in to business therefore each and every time business has to keep changing in process of organisation. (Robert S. Kaplan and David P. [internet] http://finntrack.co.uk/learners/strategic_renewal.htm) EXPLAIN THE MODEL ABOVE WHAT DOES IT SHOW Change leadership: organisational change need rapidly change with leadership were mobilized change through executive leadership and need strategic decision making Stakeholder commitment: it is important for organisation that commitment from stakeholder and to make decision for supplementary benefits. Business Disciplines: executive strategies to work, they must be related and integrated transversely many function finance, manufacturing, sales, marketing and other. The Balanced Scorecard can association these different and dispersed functions. Structure: increasing methods to continue the change. Talent creation: increasing skills and knowledge to support the change in organisation. Pay and intensive: for growth of organisation its also important to manage pay and intensive for employee. WHERES REFERENCE However, were stakeholders have been identified; their interest of organisation, characteristics and circumstances to be better understood. It is particularly important that stakeholders communicate their own concern. Here checklist of questions for each stakeholder group capacity is counting. What are the expectations of the policies or institution of stakeholders? What kind of stakeholders benefits and costs? What are the difference conflicts with the objectives of the policy or institution stakeholder interests? Which kind of stakeholders recourses has the mobilised? Here some useful methodologies are there bringing a strategic change WHERES REFERENCE Brainstorming (Namken and Rapp, 1997) Brainstorming is a trouble solve method ( namken and rapp,1997). Brainstorming is not a part of strategic development, but is used as put into operation throughout the planning process. It is a useful for allocation ideas with group or more then one person system to learn. (Reinig, Briggs, Nunamaker, 2007) Different points in the planning, the facilitator may engage the group in brainstorming techniques. However to be successful, a brainstorming session must pursue four rules which are expressiveness, postpone idea evaluation, .quantity versus quality and piggyback ideas (Forsythe, 2010). Semi-structured interviews Interviewing is one of the general tools and techniques for organisation. It is good for small sector but not suitable for large number of study (Drever, Eric 1995).It is useful for comfortable checklist of issue. At the same time as consent to other issues to occur and be pursue. This approach is mostly supportive for cross-checking, classification of common position, identification of tradeoffs and identification of managerial frameworks of stakeholders. Digging up existing data Collection of recorded materials may tool shed light on stakeholders security, individuality and situation. Well its always meaningful inquisitive and look through for information and recording information. There is almost for eternity additional of it than at initial come into view and occasionally establish in the most unlikely places. Time lines It can be arranged with stakeholders of the record of associations and contact of challenging policies, establishment and process, with discussion of basis and effect of a range of changes. Diagrams Diagrams may help many people to get a fast idea of what is designed or talk as regards. Well they can work to motivate conversation by both literate and non literate group. However diagram and visualisations work present a focus for notice while converse an issue, signify complex issues basically, motivate ideas and consequently assist in management. Intermittently people didnt work well in stipulations of diagrams think or and rather verbal conversation with images of real examples and furthermore story. Evaluate the system stakeholders in the planning of change Consequently research manager classify and compliant of the level of effort to allocate to individually stakeholder and preferred form of obligation and determine reliability. Dedication of stakeholder facilitate for dynamic development all the way through the process of planning and project. Previously period of stakeholders obligation most important issue is to identification from the concurrence establishment level and after that makes that program in to the important implement and develops throughout the processes of intensification. Thus, helpful commitment provide revelation of is recent expectation. The primary commitment obtains just about a problem or predicament in contras with the instant situation. Commitment of stakeholders requirements is to managing and describe with sentimental superior strategy. Purpose of organisation must gives result of development, budget and manage all responsibility of organisation. Differentiate of predicament management stakeholder management and stake holder engagement Stakeholder engagement characterized: Ongoing and Early Stakeholder Consultation Consultation founded on well developing some understanding and agreement between stake holders communicated plan which is developing more and more effective consultation process. purpose any pre-conditions for consultation affected stakeholders issues prioritised carefully selected engagement methodologies clearly identified individual responsibility among the program and project levels Document consultation process and actions and feedback to stakeholders Comprehensive and Timely Information Disclosure factual information earliest possible disclosure identify with timing related risks enthusiastically available admiration for perceptive information planned to assist engagement Create a strategy for managing resistance to change One of the main problem facing leading executive is that of effecting important strategic change in their organizations.It develops a number of expounding frameworks which contrate on the links between the development of strategy in organizations, proportions of mutual culture and managerial accomplishment.In allowing for such linkages, by illustrate them with examples from work undertaken in company, it also seeks to advance our understanding of the problems and means of managing change. Managing Resistance to Change is a methodology that is designed to help people in organisations face resistance and cross the street to actually manage the transitions experienced within organisational change. Ways to reduce resistance to change: Involve interested parties in the planning of change by asking them for suggestions and incorporating their ideas. clearly explain the need for the change by communicating the strategic decision personally and in written form. Address the people needs of those involved. Disrupt only what needs to be changed. Help people retain friendships, comfortable settings and group norms wherever possible. design the flexibility into change by phasing it wherever possible. This will allow people to complete current efforts and assimilate new behaviors along the way. Allow employees to redefine their roles during the course of implementing change. be open and honest. do not leave openings for people to return to the status quo. If you and your organisations are not ready to commit yourselves to the change, dont announce the strategy. Focus continually on the positive aspects of the change. Be specific where you can. Deliver training programs that develop basic skills as opposed to processes such as: conducting meetings, communication, teambuilding, self-esteem, and coaching. Create a strategy for managing resistance to change Method of managing resistance design to change is that to help people in organisation face and to cross boundaries. Actually control the transition practiced inside organisational change. How to decrease resistance to change: In the planning of change by asking gathering and involve interested people for proposition and integrate their ideas. Distribute training planning that develops basic skills as contrasting to processes such as: performing meetings, communication, teambuilding, self-worth, and lessons. Evidently classify requirement for the change through communicating the strategic decision individually and in on paper form. To be honest and open. Deal with the needs of community of those occupied. Interrupt only what requirements to be changed. Help people preserve friendships, contented settings and group standard wherever potential. Focal point frequently on the helpful aspects of the change. Where you can be specific. When possible making change by phasing it. It will allow people to entire efforts and incorporate new behaviours by the side of the way. Allocate workforce to redefine their roles throughout the course of put into operation of change. Be able to plan to implement models for ensuring ongoing change Develop appropriate models for change Thus, over many years of research in management, johns Kotter have established that most of all major change efforts in organisations are unsuccessful (Dr.john Kotter). Why do they not succeed? For the reason that organisations may be over and over again do not take the holistic approach requisite to see the change through. Conversely, following the 8-Step Process outline by Dr. Kotter, organisations can keep away from malfunction and become practiced at change. Organisations can expand their probability of success by improving their ability to change, both today and in the potential. Organisations cannot succeed, without this aptitude to become accustomed constantly. Following the 8 Step Process for Change will assist organisations accomplishes something in an increasingly changing world. 8 steps model by Dr. Jhon kotter (http://gtwebmarque.com/wikis/gtwm/index.php/Change_Management) Increase Urgency In rush to build a plan and obtain action, most organisation ignore this step. Certainly close to 50% of the organisation that be unsuccessful to build required change make their mistakes at the beginning. Organisation may take too lightly how hard it is to force people out of their console region or miscalculate how successfully they have done or basically lack of complaint needed to expand suitable urgency. On the other hand, identify with the importances of a sense of urgency are good at attractive of the pounding their organisation and powerful whether the state of the organisation is: Complacency   Satisfaction can take place whether organisation is at the top of their market or facing insolvent. It is a state people fail to respond to signs that actions have to be taken, significant themselves and each other. False urgency   Community are full of activity, functioning but their actions dont result in helping the Create organisation accomplish something in their most important objective True urgency   Every single day people are evidently focused on building real progress. To enormous hazards urgent behaviour is driven by a principle that the world contains great opportunities and. It inspires a gut-level resolve to move, and win, now. Build Guiding Coalition To put together a group with sufficient power to guide the change no one person, no substance how proficient, is capable of without help:   increasing the correct vision,   communicating it to vast numbers of people,   eradicates all of the key impediments,   produce short term be successful   most important and organisation major of change developments, Fasten latest approaches subterranean in an organisations ethnicity.   The significance of panels to assessment creation in a speedily changing world, multifaceted organisations are enforced to make decisions more rapidly and with not as much of certainty as they would like and with superior forfeit than they would have a preference. It is clear managers, acting in concert, are the only efficient being that can make productive decisions under these situations. There are four character of an Effective Guiding Coalition: Position Power, expertise, credibility, leadership. The assemblys are supposed to have enough verified leaders to be able to drive the change procedure.   Get the vision right To make patent how the upcoming will be different from the times past. Truthful apparition serves three significant functions. Primary it makes things easier thousands of more complete decisions, second, it motivates people to take action in the right direction even if the primary steps are tender, and third, it assist to organize the actions of different people in a amazingly fast and efficient way. A clear and powerful vision will do far more than an demanding order or micromanagement can ever hope to accomplish.   Several visions are deceptively mundane. The vision is part of a larger organisation that comprises strategies planning and budgets. Although the vision is attach that holds these belongings in concert and makes sense of them together for the intellect and the heart. A good vision can demand give up enterprises stakeholders in command to produce a better future for all. Thus, visions must be seen as tactically practicable To be effective. must take into, a vision description the current actuality of the enterprise, but also set forth goals that are truthfully determined. However leaders know how to make these determined goals look achievable. Vision must provide real guidance; it must be focused, flexible and simple to correspond. It must together motivate action and lead that action. It should be making relevant decisions, but not be so constricting as to decrease the possibility of empowering action. Finally, it must be communicable. If it cannot be explained quickly in a way that makes intuitive sense, it becomes useless. Effective visions have six key characters, imaginable, desirable, feasible, focused, flexible, and communicable. Communication for buy-in As many people as possible ensuring, understand and accept the vision, in advance a considerate and commitment to a new direction is never an easy assignment, particularly in composite organisations. Under communication and inconsistency are uncontrolled. In cooperation create stalled alteration. Therefore most organisation under communicate their visions by at least a factor a single memo publicizing the transformation or even a series of speeches by the management and the executive team are never enough. To be effective, the vision must be communicated in hour-by-hour actions. The vision will be referred to in emails, in meetings, in arrangement it will be corresponded everywhere.   Communicating the vision for the revolution, there are some things to continue in mind, the vision should be: simple, vivid, repeatable, invitational. Enable Action As possible removing as many barriers and unleash people to do their most excellent work. Structural barrier many times the interior structure of organisation is at chances with the change vision. Organisations that declare to desire to be customer focused finds its structures section resources and responsibilities for products and service. Organisation that assert to desire to build more local receptiveness have layers of management that second deduction and disapprove of provincial decisions. Organisation desires to amplify productivity and become a low-priced manufacturer have massive staff groups that constantly initiate valuable measures and program. Many times, these are the most difficult barrier to get past because they are part of the interior structure of the company. Realigning motivation and presentation appraisal to reflect the change vision can have a sympathetic effect on the ability to complete the change vision. Create short terms wins In the center leaders for long-term change attempt, short-term wins are necessary. Without attention running a change effort to short-term presentation is very risky. The conducting alliance becomes a significant force in identifying important improvements that can occur between six and 18 months. These wins help ensure the generally change initiatives success. Investigate shows that companies that experience significant short-term wins by fourteen and twenty-six months after the change initiative begins are much more likely to complete the transformation.   Comprehend these improvements is a challenge. In any change initiative, program get belated, there is a desire to ensure that customers are not affected; political forces are at work all of which slow the ability to carry out as promised. Though, short-term wins are important. Dont let up Confrontation is always to come in the wings to re-assert it. Thus if you are successful in the early stages, you may just drive resistors underground where they remain for an opportunity to appear when you least anticipate it. They might celebrate and then suggest taking a break to savor the victory. The consequences of letting up can be very dangerous, the new behaviors and practices must be driven into the culture to ensure long-term success.   Once regression begins, rebuilding momentum is a daunting task successful major change initiative, have some steps as bellow: More project being added supplementary people being brought in to facilitate with the changes Senior managements focused on giving simplicity to an aligned vision and shared principle Employees give power to at all levels to lead development concentrated interdependencies between areas of business continuous attempt to keep importance high regular show of proof that the new method is working Make it stick Secure latest approach in the ethnicity for sustained change new practices must produce deep roots in order to stay behind firmly planted in the culture. It is composed of norms of behavior and shared values. These societal forces are extremely strong. Each and every individual that connect an organisation is indoctrinated into its culture. Generally without even realizing its inaction is maintained by the combined group of employees over years and existence. Modify whether consistent or inconsistent with the older culture are difficult to ingrain.   Cultural change comes last, not first You must be able to establish that the new way is superior to the old The achievement must be visible and well communicated strengthen the culture with every new employee 4.3 build up suitable method to monitor development Regular evaluation of development is essential in instruct to ensure that arrangement purpose are accomplished in a timely conduct course improvement may be requisites as new information be converted into available or new prospects or intimidation expand. The determining procedure of confined presentation process and performance results should be translucent and willingly obtainable to the public. The presentation outcome for each contributes programs should also be release for reconsider, as production, workforce and skilled job seeker all require to be acquainted with services work. Additional, tax payers have to be informed of the point to which the expenses of public funds give way result helpful to the community. Contributor and other associates that do not meet presentation standards or precede the arrangement aims and objectives should obtain technical support to improve their service release. If organisations or individuals do not achieve improved results, they have to be authorized and finally dropped from the public labour force in organisation. Funds should be attached to presentation capacity which explanation for the particular challenges of effective in diverse community.

Second Hand Smoke :: essays research papers

Second Hand Smoke Second Hand Smoke In the 1950's and 60's scientists gave the people a lot of evidence on the deadly effects of smoking where the tobacco companies on the other hand tried to put the doubt in people’s minds through the campaigns to show that it is not all true. By the time people actually decided to take care of their health and finally saw how life-threatening smoking could be by real life examples, the tobacco companies already got rich from its sales. Nowadays, nobody doubts that â€Å"firsthand† smoke is deadly to your health and it causes lung cancer and heart disease in adults and asthma and bronchitis in children. Now the industry is onto the secondhand smoke. Scientists and researchers are representing a lot of evidence and research that has been done throughout the years showing that the secondhand smoke can also cause a lung cancer in nonsmokers. The study has been done of people who have been long exposed to secondhand smoke and it shows that 26 out of 33 publ ished studies indicate a link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer. The study estimates that the people that were breathing secondhand smoke were 8 to 150 percent more likely to get lung cancer. The tobacco companies are trying to argue the facts and are still in serious debate about the health hazards of breathing a secondhand smoke. A lot of anti-smoking organizations are trying to turn smoking in public into a private activity that does not have to involve nonsmokers breathing secondhand smoke. What is even more important is that many of these organizations convinced a lot of smokers to cut back or quit completely. The problem of secondhand smoke is increasing because it is so common in our society. It makes secondhand smoke the third-ranking cause of lung cancer among nonsmokers. Mothers who live with a smoking spouse have to realize the ill effects of secondhand smoke on children even before they are born. The smoking components reach the developing fetus through the mother . Infants that are born in a smoking environment weigh less and have a weaker chance of becoming a fully developed child. Secondhand smoke leads to blood clots and damages arterial linings which are the two most leading factors in the development of heart disease. The tobacco companies got scared of the effect that the secondhand smoke research can do to the cigarette makers.

Baden-Powell :: essays research papers

Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, more affectionately known as "B.-P.", was born in London, England, on February 22, 1857. At the age of 12 he received a scholarship from Charterhouse School, one of England's famous public schools. The school was then located in London, but it soon moved to Godalming in Surrey. There were some woods just outside the school, these were "out- of-bounds" for the pupils. It was here that B.-P. practised stalking wildlife. He is said to have snared rabbits and cooked them over a small fire so that smoke didn't give him away to the school masters. (This was to be valuable training for later in his career.) Choosing a military career, B.-P. served in campaigns in India, Afghanistan and South Africa. He became world famous during the Boer War for the defense of Mafeking, a small town in South Africa. With 800 men, he was besieged by a force of 9,000 Boer soldiers. His small force held out against these immense odds for 217 days -- until a relief column of British soldiers arrived. At Mafeking B.-P. organized his "Messenger Cadets". Trained in efficiency, obedience and smartness, they performed many tasks -- relieving soldiers for active defense of the town. After the Boer War, B.-P. organized the South African Constabulary and designed a uniform for them that later became the basic Boy Scout uniform. While still in Africa, B.-P. wrote "Aids to Scouting" -- a manual designed to train soldiers to become army scouts. Many youth and organizations in Britain used ideas from this manual as the basis of adventurous programs. He discussed this matter with Sir William Smith, the founder of the Boy's Brigade, and other leading youth workers. He planned a camp to test his program ideas. The camp was held from July 25 to August 9 in 1907 on Brownsea Island. The "Scoutmaster" was Lt.-Gen. Robert Baden- Powell. His assistants were B.W. Green, H. Robson and P.W. Everett. The camp was a tremendous success. Based on this experiment B.-P. wrote his book "Scouting for Boys" which was published in 6 parts starting in January, 1908. It has been printed in many editions -- the current edition is the last one edited by B.-P. By the end of 1908 this book was translated into five other languages. The sketches in the book were all done by B.-P. -- most of them based on his own exciting career. In 1909, King Edward VII, who had taken a great deal of interest in this new Movement, made the founder a Knight in recognition of his work for boys. At this time B.-P. was Inspector General of

Natural Law :: essays research papers

Natural Law The School of Natural Law Philosophy was an intellectual group of philosophers. They developed new ways of thinking about religion and government. Natural law was based on moral principles, but the overall outlook changed with the times. John Locke was a great philosopher from the middle of the 17th century. He was a primary contributor to the new ideas concerning natural law of that time. He argued that humans in the state of nature are free and equal, yet insecure in their freedom. When they enter society, they surrender only such rights as are necessary for their security and for the common good. He also believed that each individual retains fundamental prerogatives drawn from natural law relating to the integrity of the person and property. This natural rights theory was the basis of not only the American, but also the French revolution. 1 During his lifetime, he wrote many essays and letters to his colleagues on a variety of topics:2 †¢ Letter on Toleration (1689) †¢ Second Letter on Toleration (1690) †¢ Two Treatises of Government (1690) †¢ Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) †¢ Some Considerations of the Consequences of Lowering of Interest, and Raising the Value of Money (1691) †¢ Third Letter on Toleration (1692) †¢ Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693) †¢ Further Considerations Concerning Raising the Value of Money (1693) †¢ The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) †¢ A Letter to the Bishop of Worcester (1697) †¢ Discourse on Miracles †¢ Fourth Letter for Toleration †¢ An Examination of Father Malebranche's Opinion of Seeing All Things in God †¢ Remarks on Some of Mr Norris's Books †¢ Conduct of the Understanding Locke's greatest philosophical contribution is his Essay Concerning Human Understanding. In the winter of 1670, five or six friends were talking in his room, probably in London. The topic was the "principles of morality and revealed religion," but arguments arose and no real progress or serious discussion took place. Then, he goes on to say, "it came into my thoughts that we took a wrong course, and that before we set ourselves upon inquiries of that nature, it was necessary to examine our own abilities, and see what objects our understandings were, or were not, fitted to deal with." At the request of his friends, Locke agreed to write down his thoughts on this question at their next meeting, and he expected that a single sheet of paper would suffice for the purpose. Little did he realize the importance of the issue which he raised, and that it would take up his free time for nearly twenty years.

Uniform Essay

Uniform Essay Although many people may not agree with me or perhaps call me a loser and a nerd I do believe that uniforms should be made mandatory in school and this is of course for plenty of well supported reasons. First off even if you don’t notice it right away uniforms will help you prepare for the future. Also much money is saved and finally much time is saved and much hassle is avoided. First, one of the main reasons I support uniforms is because they are a greatly underappreciated form of success. Have you ever noticed that most stores that you go to the employees are in uniform? This of course is mandatory and if they fail to dress out they will not be allowed to work or in worse case scenarios be fired. Many students against uniforms might argue that you should be able to show that you are unique but really what do you think is going to happen if you go to your job dressed up in whatever clothes you want even though there is a dress code? Many students don’t notice or perhaps don’t want to believe that uniforms are helpful in anyway but let’s be honest, they are. As previously stated, money is an issue to many people and even if it is not who does not want to save some? With uniforms being mandatory at schools parents only have to go to the uniform store and buy a couple of pairs for their children while if there is no dress code you have to buy expensive clothing and spend time in multiple stores looking for it. Many will argue and say how is having a uniform pairs of clothing and a going out pairs of clothing saving us money and the answer to that is simple, uniforms are cheap and are created with a great deal of resilience which means they will last a very long time and much money will not be spent them. Also in response to the previous argument wearing non uniform clothing to school requires more and more clothes to be bought when something gets â€Å"out of style† or outdated and that in the long run is defiantly more expensive. Last but not least, if you are a person like me who gets to school right before the late bell rings you don’t need another excuse to take longer getting dressed out. Not having a uniform at your school may seem great and all but have you ever thought about how much time you spend looking for what you are going to wear? Students might argue that no uniforms will give them an incentive to wake up for school but in reality it is giving them an incentive to be late to school. I use to go to a middle school with no uniform policy and it was such a hassle for me and I’m sure t is for many other people too, I would have to wake up earlier look for the clothes I wanted to wear and about 90% of the time get to school late. In conclusion, I do believe uniforms should be made mandatory in school but more than likely that is not going to happen due to all the complaints and arguments about them. It truly is tragic that people don’t see what is good for them until it is too l ate. Uniforms allow money and time to be saved and better yet they prepare you for the future, what else could you ask for from clothing?

Andersen’s Case Auditing and Assurance Services

Arthur Andersen was atomic number 53 of the five biggest accounting signs in join States. Arthur Andersen is specific example around the most(prenominal) recent strain collapse, which is considered profound in American duty history. The firm, practicing in more(prenominal) than than 80 countries with thousands of employees, now lost its written report as an audit and accounting firm. in that respect atomic number 18 m both different thoughts and judgments virtually the fiber when Arthur Anderson failed its tasks to detect fraudulent fiscal activities on Enron and several different companies.The Enron follow filed bankruptcy in December of 2001. being well known as a big energy confederation which plate is located in Houston, the bankruptcy of the company drew lots off attentions from championship world. Questions were asked and lots of financial misstatements were revealed and Arthur Andersen Enrons extraneous auditing and accounting firm in Houston, was touch on. Stephens (2002) stated, Arthur Andersen who were accountable for managing Enrons audits, had misappropriatedly destroyed paper and electronic documents related to their representation of Enron (p. 4). The aspect soon went to the jury. Louwers et al. (2011) reported the instructions hinged on the formulateing of statue that makes it a crime to wittingly use intimidation or physiological force, threaten, or mistly persuade a nonher(prenominal) individual. consort to Oxford Dictionaries online, corrupt means having or showing a willingness to act dish geniusstly in return for coin or personal grow. In this case, the word corrupt was non applied appropriately to the actions of Anderson. in that respect was no evidence to prove that at that place is a person who is corrupt persuader.Who was the one that acted dishonestly? The court besides inevitably to identify the personal gain that a corrupt persuader can gain from having such action. The court could not take c are the answers to this issue, which means the decision is attached to the firms fate Arthur Andersen. Research by Stephens (2002) states that to clarify the instruction of Judge Harmon about corruptly, the prosecution describes the illegal require of four corrupt persuaders Duncan, synagogue, Thomas Bauer, and Michael Odom.After a a few(prenominal) days, the jury was not take to unanimously agree on the single(a) corrupt persuaders individualism (Stephens, 2002). As Louwers et al. (2011) stated that the issues that overturned the Andersen verdict were based on haywire jury instructions, not on whether Andersen was in situation guilty or innocent. It was not Andersen who go against the law it is individuals of the company who did. Hoxter (2005) argued that the instructions were faulty because they did not require proof that Andersen officials knew they were doing something wrong.The regnant destroying the documents was not a crime. There must(prenominal) be a person with permission who sent out the instructions for Arthur Andersen employees to do so. As Stephens (2002) restated from the interviews with reporters after the verdict, four jurors set Temple as that person. It is appropriated for the Supreme courtroom to overturn the lower courts decision because Judge Harmon used the word promptly with different meaning from the dictionary, which is indecent purpose, such as end to subvert or undermine the item finding ability of an official proceeding.The lower court failed in identifying the specific person who is corruptive persuader. According to Duska (2005), Arthur Anderson, a old firm, at one time, prided itself in its spot as auditor since it fulfilled an historic public function. As auditors, Andersens employees should ingest had clear minds to make sure that the financial statements that they audit are literally what were termination on in the company. However, big money that was made in the consulting means the responsibilities th at auditors withdraw to face is heavier.The SEC and the department of legal expert shouldve tried to targeted specific individuals who had engaged in acts because it seems not fair for the rest of the firm. According to Cunningham (2005), It is a shame that the actions of a few individuals at Andersen caused 28,000 employees in the U. S. to lose their jobs (p. 6). Indeed, displace the complete firm out of subscriber line for the unethical actions of a couple of individuals was the real sin. Andersens conviction was overturned does not mean that its employees acted in ethical manner.McNamee and Palmeri (2002) provided entropy about Arthur Andersons cleaning-up mission when the Enron case started to topple. From Andersons internal document, Enron group was also busy amending four diagnose memos to objurgate(a) the record of its review of Enrons wrick and conflicted partnership deals (McNamee and Palmeri, 2002). Moreover, David Duncan overruled the concerns on at least four oc casions, siding instead with Enron on controversial accounting that helps to hide debt inwardness and brought up the earnings.That is not all, there are also evidences said that Duncans team wrote memos which are falsely stated that PSG partners had subscribe off on Enrons inventive bookkeeping. Nancy Temple is the attorney for Arthur Andersen. She is the one who should all the way know about all the regulations and should not be the one who acted unethically. According to McNamee and Palmer (2002), memos from Nancy Temple to David Duncan were found which can considered the main key in the conviction of Duncan about shredding the documents. It is more for Nancy Temple who is more responsible for the Andersen saga.The folk action lawsuit against Andersen also has another(prenominal) divulge which include other entities name in there because those entities also had involved in Enrons case. These entities helped Enron to cover up because by helping them they make more profit. Fro m Arthur Andersens case, entities and accounting firms in business world should learn lessons for their own goods. If the employees get word of any concerning about the legality of any records, they should contact the legal department right away. There is nothing wrong disposing of business papers that are not needed.It is illegal only when retention is required by law or regulation harmonize to Stephens (2002). Reference Page Hoxter, C. J. (2005). Arthur Andersen Conviction Overturned. Caribbean Business, 33(25), 8. Duska, R. (2005). The true Auditor Skeptic or riches Accumulator? Ethical Lessons Learned from the Arthur Andersen Debacle. ledger Of Business Ethics, 57(1), 17-29. doi10. 1007/s10551-004-3818-1 Stephens, D. O. (2002). Lies, Corruption, and Document Destruction. info Management Journal, 36(5), 23. McNamee, M. , Borrus, A. , & Palmeri, C. (2002). OUT OF CONTROL AT ANDERSEN.Businessweek, (3777), 32-33. Cunningham, C. (2005, July-August). Ruing Andersens demise and t he loss of audit competition. financial Executive, 21(6), 6. Retrieved from http//go. galegroup. com. glbvv001. enmu. edu/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA134300985=2. 1=nm_a_enmu=r=EAIM=w In Oxford Dictionaries online. Retrieved from http//oxforddictionaries. com/us/definition/american_english/corrupt? q=corrupt Louwers, T. J. , Ramsay, R. J. , Sinason, D. H, Strawser, J. R, & Thinodeau, J. C. (2011). Auditing & Assurance service (5th, ed. ). NY McGraw-Hill Irwin.